About metformin and its action on the mitochondrial respiratory chain in prostate cancer
Abstract
and a dysregulated glucose metabolism, a simplistic explanation would be that metformin could decrease energy production by proliferative cancer cells. However, metformin may act by several other mechanisms, as reviewed by Zhao et al. (7). The most important mechanisms are summarized in Figure 1 . In the tumor microenvironment, metformin can indeed stimulate anticancer immunity through the NF-κ B signaling pathway (8). It also exerts antiangiogenic effects (9) and can also improve the sensitivity to chemotherapeutics (10). Direct effects on cancer cells further encompass the capability of metformin to arrest the cell cycle through activating the AMPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways (7)
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