Therapeutic Advances in Diabetic Kidney Disease: 30 Years of Evidence and the Rise of the "Fantastic Four" in Nephrology
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure worldwide. Over the past 3 decades, management has evolved from strict glycemic and blood pressure control to targeted therapies that modify disease progression.
SUMMARY: The DCCT/EDIC (1993) confirmed the impact of intensive glycemic and multifactorial risk factor management. But the early 1990s established the foundation of nephroprotective therapy with the Captopril Trial (1993) in type 1 diabetes and subsequent IRMA-1 (2001), IDNT (2001), and the RENAAL (2001) studies established renin-angiotensin-system blockade as the first disease-specific therapy. More than a decade later, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors transformed care, with EMPA-REG OUTCOME (2015) and CANVAS (2017) studies first demonstrating kidney benefits as secondary outcomes, which were confirmed in subsequent dedicated kidney trials: CREDENCE (2019), DAPA-CKD (2020), and EMPA-KIDNEY (2022) studies, demonstrating consistent reductions in kidney failure and cardiovascular mortality. Finerenone further advanced outcomes in FIDELIO-DKD (2020) and FIGARO-DKD (2021), and combination therapy with SGLT2 inhibition showed additive benefit in the CONFIDENCE (2025) study. Most recently, the FLOW (2024) trial confirmed glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) as promising fourth pillar of nephroprotective therapies.
KEY MESSAGES: Together, these advances, termed the "Fantastic…
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