Metabolic Inflammation as a Common Thread in Cardio-Endocrine Diseases: Toward a Unified Therapeutic Framework
Abstract
Metabolic inflammation, or metaflammation, has emerged as a unifying mechanism linking cardiovascular and endocrine disorders. This narrative review aimed to synthesize mechanistic, clinical, and therapeutic evidence on how inflammation bridges these domains and to explore prospects for a unified therapeutic framework. We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for English-language articles published between 2010 and 2024, yielding 256 relevant articles, of which 115 were included after detailed screening. Studies addressing adipose tissue inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, innate immune activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, clinical biomarkers, and anti-inflammatory therapies were analyzed. Evidence demonstrates that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation, inflammasome activation, and mitochondrial oxidative stress form shared pathogenic nodes across cardiovascular and endocrine diseases. Clinical correlates, including biomarkers such as IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), glycoprotein acetylation (GlycA), and exosomes, provide diagnostic and prognostic insights, while therapeutic convergence has been highlighted by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and IL-1β-targeted interventions. Lifestyle modifications such as Mediterranean diets, microbiota-directed therapies, and intermittent fasting further reinforce dual-organ protection. Despite significant advances, limitations remain in…
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