Combination immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: Clinical applications, rationale, challenges, and future perspectives
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Although immunotherapy has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in deficient mismatch repair (dMMR)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumors, most proficient mismatch repair (pMMR)/microsatellite stability (MSS)/microsatellite instability-low (MSI-L) patients derive limited benefit. Combination strategies-including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy-offer promise for overcoming resistance. This review examines recent clinical advances in combination immunotherapy for CRC, with a focus on tumor microenvironment (TME) modulation and predictive biomarkers. By bridging preclinical insights and clinical applications, we aim to facilitate the optimization of therapeutic strategies and extend the benefits of immunotherapy across CRC subtypes.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial
- Clinical Trial of Vadadustat in Patients with Anemia Secondary to Stage 3 or 4 Chronic Kidney Disease
- Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex and Other Immunogenetic and Clinical Factors Influence Susceptibility or Protection to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severity of the Disease Course. The Sardinian Experience
- Celecoxib or naproxen treatment does not benefit depressive symptoms in persons aged 70 and over: findings from a randomized controlled trial
- Comparative Clinical Effectiveness of Nonsurgical Treatment Methods in Patients With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
- Efficacy and safety of adalimumab by intra-articular injection for moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis: An open-label randomized controlled trial
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.