Microplastics in Water and Their Effects on Human Health A Detailed Review
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, have become widespread contaminants in aquatic habitats, posing a new threat to ecosystem and human health. The continuous decomposition of bigger plastics and the widespread usage of microbeads in consumer products have resulted in their buildup in surface water, groundwater, bottled water, and even drinking water. Increasing data suggests that humans are chronically exposed to microplastics via ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact, with contaminated water and seafood being the most common pathways. Experimental investigations show that microplastics can affect intestinal barrier integrity, alter gut microbiota composition, cause oxidative stress, and cause systemic inflammation. Nanoparticles have the ability to translocate into the bloodstream, placenta, and other organs, implying bioavailability and long-term effects. Furthermore, MPs operate as carriers for harmful chemicals and environmental pollutants, which increases their toxic potential. Although direct causative evidence in humans is sparse, the link between microplastic exposure and metabolic, cardiovascular, reproductive, and immunological problems raises substantial public health concerns. This study summarizes current understanding about the presence of microplastics in water systems, human exposure pathways, absorption mechanisms, and the molecular and physiological impacts. It also examines new analytical methodologies,…
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