Measurement science research needs for premise plumbing systems
Abstract
Premise plumbing systems constitute an essential component of the built environment by providing immediate access to clean, potable water and a safe, reliable means of removing wastewater from homes, businesses and other institutions.Plumbing systems evolved extensively throughout the 20 th century beginning with efforts in the 1920s to develop the technical understanding needed to support system design and regulation, much of which was initiated by then Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover to address a range of health and performance issues.Plumbing systems continue to evolve in response to current concerns about cost, water availability, environmental impacts and safety.A series of policy actions including the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, the Energy Security Act of 1980 and the Energy Policy Act of 1992 sought to improve water quality, water use efficiency, and energy efficiency.These changes led to notable achievements including the reduction of lead in plumbing products and the introduction of low-flow fixtures.For example, a typical single-family, detached home today uses 22 % less water for indoor purposes than it did two decades ago (DeOreo, et al., 2016).As a result, the flow rates within the piping networks and the corresponding residence times can be significantly different than those assumed under current design methods.Consequently, the assumptions surrounding the effectiveness of water treatment practices are not necessarily applicable, leading to the…
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