Non-Coding RNA Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Modulation of Immune-Checkpoint Response in Melanoma: A Systematic Evidence Map
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has transformed advanced melanoma care, yet response and resistance remain heterogeneous. We systematically mapped clinical, translational/computational and mechanistic evidence linking non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to melanoma immunotherapy. PubMed/MEDLINE, Europe PMC and Google Scholar were searched, supplemented by citation chasing and a Dimensions update; selection followed PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S. As retrospective quality control, two reviewers independently re-screened the complete title-and-abstract set and all 185 full-text reports using unchanged eligibility criteria, with adjudication by a third reviewer. Sixty-eight reports were included. The 21 patient-based reports formed the core clinical biomarker stratum; 23 translational/computational and 24 mechanistic/preclinical reports were mapped as supportive evidence domains rather than equivalent clinical validation. Plasma microRNAs, extracellular-vesicle-associated RNAs and tissue ncRNA signatures showed response-associated, prognostic or monitoring potential, whereas computational signatures and experimental models expanded the map of immune-state regulation and therapeutic modulation. Meta-analysis was not appropriate because no candidate-outcome-assay combination had sufficient independent clinical and methodological homogeneity. Small retrospective cohorts, assay heterogeneity, incomplete calibration and limited external validation prevented clinical implementation. Exploratory TCGA-SKCM…
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