Associations between dietary vitamin C and K intake and site-specific bone mineral density in Iranian adults: findings from the Iranian multicenter osteoporosis study (IMOS-2021)
Abstract
Abstract Background Vitamins C and K are essential for bone matrix formation and mineralization, and their inadequate intake may contribute to site‑specific bone loss and osteoporosis; however, evidence from Middle Eastern populations remains limited. Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake of vitamins C and K and the likelihood of osteoporosis at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck in Iranian adults. Methods This cross-sectional investigation drew on data from adults aged ≥ 50 years enrolled in the 2021 Iranian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study. Participants’ usual dietary intake was assessed using a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire, and bone mineral density was quantified via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Association between vitamin C and K intake and site-specific osteoporosis were examined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models; adjusted for age, gender, BMI, diabetes, kidney function, vitamin D status, and total energy intake. Complex survey design was considered by applying sampling weights in all analyses. Results Among 1,368 Iranian adults (607 men) with a mean age of 60.8 ± 8.0 years, the mean daily intake of vitamins C and K was 160.5 mg and 94.4 µg, respectively. The prevalence of insufficient intake was 21.9% for vitamin C and 63.5% for vitamin K based on sex-specific RDAs. Vitamin C and K insufficiency were both significantly more common among individuals with osteoporosis…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause. Reported size: 1,368 participants or records.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Effectiveness of Bisphosphonates and Denosumab on Risk of Vertebral Fractures in Prostate Cancer Patients Under Androgen Deprivation Therapies: A Real-World Prospective Study
- Osteoporosis-related fractures after spinal cord injury: a retrospective study from Brazil
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and mortality in older men
- Lack of Association between Vitamin D Insufficiency and Cardiovascular or Fracture Risk: A UK Biobank Study
- Muscle strength and body composition are clinical indicators of osteoporosis
- Incidence of bone protection and associated fragility injuries in patients with proximal femur fractures
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.