Comprehensive clinical review of osteoporosis in older adults: Diagnosis, management, and a UAE primary care perspective
Abstract
ABSTRACT Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone strength and an increased risk of fragility fractures, particularly among older adults. With rising life expectancy, osteoporosis has become a significant public health concern. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), factors such as vitamin D deficiency, sedentary lifestyles, and a high prevalence of chronic diseases contribute substantially to disease burden. To provide a comprehensive, primary care–focused narrative review of osteoporosis in older adults, emphasizing diagnosis, fracture risk assessment, and evidence-based management strategies relevant to ambulatory care settings in the UAE. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from international clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, and peer-reviewed literature related to osteoporosis screening, diagnosis, and management. Particular emphasis is placed on approaches applicable in primary care practice. Osteoporosis often remains clinically silent until a fragility fracture occurs. Diagnosis relies on bone mineral density assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), supported by clinical risk evaluation tools such as FRAX. Effective management includes pharmacological therapy, optimization of calcium and vitamin D intake, lifestyle modification, and fracture prevention strategies. Early identification and proactive management of osteoporosis in primary care are essential to reduce fracture risk and preserve functional…
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