System-Level, Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Selected Plant Adaptogens-A Review
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Adaptogens are plant-derived substances that enhance the body's nonspecific resistance to physical, chemical, biological, and psychological stressors by normalizing physiological functions. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms of action of seven key plant adaptogens-Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Bacopa monnieri-in the context of chronic stress and lifestyle-related diseases. Methods: A review of the scientific literature is performed, including preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials, and studies employing network pharmacology analyses, molecular docking, and genomic techniques such as gene expression profiling. The interactions of active constituents with signaling pathways, molecular targets, and synergistic mechanisms were analyzed based on publications from the years 2010-2025. Results: Adaptogens exhibit pleiotropic activity: they regulate the HPA axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis); induce Hsp70/Hsp16 expression; modulate SAPK/JNK, FOXO, and NF-κB pathways; and demonstrate antioxidant and mitoprotective effects. Specific mechanisms include: salidroside from R. rosea activating PI3K/Akt; schizandrin B from S. chinensis stimulating Hsp70; withanolides from W. somnifera inhibiting PDE4D; ginsenosides from P. ginseng suppressing FKBP51; and bacosides from B. monnieri enhancing acetylcholine…
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