Types of dairy foods and risk of fragility fracture in the prospective Nurses' Health Study cohort
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Fragility fractures present enormous health challenges for women. Dairy products provide many bone-beneficial nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D. Individual dairy foods may exert different association on bone health.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the associations between total dairy, yogurt, milk, and cheese and fragility fracture risk among females in the prospective Nurses' Health Study (NHS) in the US.
METHODS
There are 103,003 females with mean age of 48 in the current analysis who were followed from 1980-2004. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate risk of first fracture (of the wrist, hip, or vertebrae) by intakes of dairy foods (total dairy, milk, yogurt, or cheese) obtained from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Fractures that were caused by high-trauma events were not included. We relied on self-reported data for wrist and hip fractures while for vertebral fractures, medical records were used to confirm cases.
RESULTS
A total of 5495 incident fracture cases were documented during follow-up. After controlling for relevant confounding variables, consumption of ≥2 servings per day (servings/d) of total dairy (compared with <1 servings/d) was associated with lower fracture risk [hazard ratio (HR): 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61 - 0.89]. More than 2 servings of milk per day (compared with <1 servings/d) were associated with a lower fracture risk (HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.77 - 0.94). Intakes of calcium, vitamin D, and protein from non-dairy…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cohort study, done in people. Its evidence level is 3 of 5 (Moderate · trial / cohort / secondary analysis). Trials without a large randomized design, cohorts and secondary analyses give moderate evidence.
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