VDR gene polymorphism and trace elements in Thai postmenopausal women with risk of osteoporosis: Cross -sectional study
Abstract
Osteoporosis progresses without any symptoms until a bone fracture occurs. Osteoporotic fractures are a common problem in public health control and intervention, which relate to increasing immobility and mortality, affecting quality of life, and high economic impact due to extended hospital stay (Black and Rosen, 2016; Kawalkar, 2015). Intervention policies are necessary to diagnose and reduce the risk of fractures (Si et al., 2015; Williams et al., 2021). There are various associated factors, such as female gender (Black and Rosen, 2016; Pietschmann et al., 2009), old age (Aspray and Hill, 2019; Giusti and Bianchi, 2014), calcium intake (Cano et al., 2018), vitamin D level (Cano et al., 2018; Weaver et al., 2016), and genetic variations (Conti et al., 2015; He et al., 2015; Kubota et al., 2001). There are various genes involved in osteoclast proliferation, which are associated with bone mass reduction or osteoporotic fractures, including the vitamin D receptor (VDR), estrogen receptor, and collagen type I alpha-I genes (Stewart and Ralston, 2000). Vitamin D and its active metabolites participate in the processes of bone tissue mineralization, maintaining calcium homeostasis, and bone remodeling, which are mediated through the VDR (Ahn et al., 2009). The variations VDR gene polymorphisms have been reported, and VDR genotypes are associated with bone diseases, including multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, vitamin D-dependent rickets type II (Cantorna and Mahon, 2004; Jiang et…
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