Cognitive Function and Calcium. Vitamin D and calcium for the prevention of falls and fractures in patients with dementia
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia and fractures has been increasing with age. There is strong evidence that dementia or cognitive impairment in older people has an established fall risk factor. Subjects with dementia have a doubled to threefold risk of falls. In addition to motor impairments (impaired gait, reduced muscular strength and impaired balance) , executive functional impairment is also associated with an increased risk of falls. Falls are more likely found in subjects with dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular dementia and those who had advanced dementia. Patients with AD are at higher risk for fractures and have a lower bone mineral density than healthy controls. Vitamin D decreases vertebral fractures, and moreover, appears to reduce the risk of falls in older subjects. A recent meta-analysis showed that vitamin D concentrations are associated with poor cognitive function and a higher risk of AD. However, treatment with vitamin D alone shows no significant effect on cognition in patients with AD.
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