Micronutrient Deficiencies in Heart Transplant Recipients-Scoping Review
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Heart transplant recipients are particularly at risk for micronutrient deficiencies due to chronic immunosuppression, metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal absorption disorders, and increased postoperative demand. Despite a growing body of evidence suggesting their clinical relevance, the prevalence, characteristics, and consequences of these deficiencies remain poorly defined. The aim of this review was to assess of selected micronutrient deficiencies in personnel after heart vaccination and risk factors for their control. Methods: This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute's scope review methodology and presented in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (January-February 2026) identified studies assessing micronutrient deficiencies in adult heart transplant recipients. Original publications, meta-analyses, and reviews available in full text in English were eligible for the review. Data extraction was carried out independently by two reviewers; using the PCC (Population-Concept-Context) model. Results: Of the 35 pre-identified records, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly reported deficiencies included iron, vitamin D, and B vitamins, and their incidence varied widely due to heterogeneous diagnostic criteria. Iron deficiency-both absolute and functional-was common and often associated with…
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