Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of Calcium Channel Blockers in Hypertension: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Purpose: Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are widely used as first-line therapy for hypertension, but concerns remain regarding their long-term safety and effectiveness. This review aims to systematically summarize the existing evidence on the long-term safety and effectiveness of CCBs in patients with hypertension.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed database to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies assessing the long-term use (≥1 year) of CCBs in adult hypertensive populations. Eligible studies compared CCBs with other antihypertensive agents or placebo and reported outcomes related to systemic safety and effectiveness. The quality of each study was assessed using the Jadad and Newcastle-Ottawa Scales. Evidence was synthesized descriptively and stratified by organ system and clinical outcome.
Results: In total, 29 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing both RCTs and observational studies. Long-term CCB use was generally safe, with manageable risks. Renal protective effects were less consistent, while several studies reported a marginal increase in the incidence of new-onset diabetes. Associations with breast cancer remained inconclusive, and the risk of bone fractures appeared modestly reduced. Other systemic effects, including metabolic and reproductive changes, were generally mild. In terms of effectiveness, CCBs consistently reduced stroke incidence, although evidence regarding other…
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