Immune response and inhibitory effects of quercetin on tilapia parvovirus: an in vitro approach
Abstract
Significant economic losses in global tilapia farming have been attributed to tilapia parvovirus (TiPV). There is an urgent need for therapeutic drug discovery, as no effective drugs currently exist to control TiPV infection. Quercetin, a polyphenolic flavonoid found in natural products, effectively inhibits the growth of several viral pathogens. This study evaluated the ability of quercetin to inhibit TiPV replication in a tilapia heart (TH) cell line. MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxic effects of quercetin on TH cells. H2DCF-DA was used to measure quercetin-induced ROS production in TH cells. Fluorescence microscopy revealed no mitochondrial membrane and nucleus alterations at high quercetin concentrations, as assessed by rhodamine 123 and Hoechst 33,258 staining. Immune-responsive genes (TNF-α, TLR-7, IL-8, MHC-II, IFNγ, and NF-κβ) were studied in TH cells exposed to quercetin test groups (TG1-TG6) at different intervals by RT-qPCR. At 96 h post-exposure, immune-related genes were significantly upregulated in TH cells exposed to 40 and 50 μg/mL quercetin. Quercetin's inhibitory activity against TiPV infection was assessed by morphological changes, cytopathic effects, viral titre quantification by TCID50, TiPV detection by PCR, and viral load quantification by qPCR. The results showed a significant reduction in CPE, TCID50, PCR bands, and viral copies in TH cells treated with higher quercetin concentrations than in non-quercetin-exposed cells. The increase in…
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