Phytochemical Profiling of Non-Marketable Organs of White Onion (Allium cepa L.): A Comparative Study of Two Extraction Methods Using HPLC-DAD
Abstract
In this research, white onion (Allium cepa L.) residual organs and extraction methods were evaluated to determine optimal recovery conditions for flavanones (naringenin, apigenin) and flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, and galangin). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and decoction were compared using flower and leaf residues. Leaf decoction yielded higher concentrations of quercetin (0.33 mg g⁻¹), naringenin (0.24 mg g⁻¹), galangin (0.23 mg g⁻¹), and kaempferol (0.07 mg g⁻¹) compared to flower residues. Conversely, apigenin was highest in flower decoction (0.15 mg g⁻¹) and undetected via UAE. Phytochemical profiles were significantly influenced by both plant organ and extraction method. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) revealed that quercetin, galangin, and naringenin predominated in leaf residues, showing strong positive vector correlations along NMDS1 (0.508, 0.507, and 0.509, respectively), whereas apigenin exhibited a negative correlation (-0.470). NMDS2 was primarily driven by kaempferol concentration (vector score of 0.793).
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