LC–MS/MS Characterization of Glycosylated Metabolites from Rhus pentaphylla Extracts and Their Antioxidant, Enzyme-Inhibitory, and Antimicrobial Activities
Abstract
Rhus pentaphylla Desf., a medicinal plant traditionally used in North Africa, remains insufficiently investigated for its glycosylated metabolites and biological properties. This study evaluated the influence of extraction solvent on the LC–ESI–MS profile and multifunctional bioactivities of aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic extracts of Moroccan R. pentaphylla. Thirty-nine metabolites were tentatively identified, predominantly hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonol glycosides. Chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and quercetin glucuronide were among the most prominent constituents. The occurrence of several flavonoid glycosides highlights R. pentaphylla as a source of structurally diverse plant glycoconjugates. The hydroethanolic extract exhibited the highest phenolic content and the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 32 µg/mL; FRAP = 81.57 mM FeSO4/g), whereas the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed the most pronounced tyrosinase inhibition. All three extracts displayed comparable α-amylase inhibitory activity. Antibacterial screening revealed selective activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, the extracts also significantly reduced extracellular protein secretion and exopolysaccharide production, indicating antivirulence effects. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the extraction solvent affects the distribution of glycosylated and other bioactive metabolites in R. pentaphylla and influences the resulting…
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