Plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nigella sativa seeds and Azadirachta indica leaves: A systematic review of synthesis mechanisms, physicochemical characterization, stability, yield, and biological activities
Abstract
Abstract Plant mediated (“green”) synthesis of nanoparticles of silver offer an eco-friendly alternative to the toxic reducing agents used in the physicochemical synthesis of such nanoparticles. Botanical sources that contain a high concentration of phytochemicals and have proved to have pharmacological activity are the seeds of Nigella sativa (black cumin) and the leaves of Azadirachta indica (neem) seeds and the leaves from which AgNPs have been synthesized, and they have been studied extensively. This review aims to clarify summarization of the preparation method, critically compare the synthesis mechanism, physicochemical characteristics, colloidal stability, yield-determining parameters, and biological activities of the AgNPs biosynthesized using the extract of N. sativa seed and A. indica leaf. When considering the synthesis of AgNPs using plant extracts, literature reported through 2020 was checked in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley, MDPI, ACS and Royal Society of Chemistry and then screened following the guidelines of the PRISMA 2020 protocol, essentially published from 2015 to 2026. A set of data of synthesis conditions, characterization outputs (FT-IR, UV-Vis, SEM/TEM, XRD, DLS, zeta potential) and biological outcomes were obtained and analyzed in comparison. Both extracts yield predominantly spherical face-cubic nanoparticles in the range of 8 nm to 80 nm possessing unique absorbance band of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) band in…
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