A Methodology for the Direct Quantitative Determination of Aluminum and Ascorbate-Reducible Ferrozine-Reactive Iron in Emulsions
Abstract
This quantification methodology eliminates the need for complex and time-consuming pretreatments, like digestion or extraction, by leveraging digital-image colorimetry. It relies on a chromogenic complexation reaction within the emulsion, between the target metal and a suitable reagent: quercetin for aluminum and ferrozine for iron. For aluminum, the method demonstrated linearity with R² ≥ 0.971, acceptable accuracy (relative bias ≤ ±8.5 %) and intermediate precision (CV ≤ 9.4 %) upon Quality Controls (above the LLOQ) analysis and was successfully applied to commercial antiperspirants with satisfactory accuracy (relative bias ≤ ± 15.2 %). The assay was also adapted to a paper-based format. For iron, the method showed a linear correlation (R² ≥ 0.981) acceptable accuracy (relative bias ≤ ± 13.7 %) and intermediate precision (CV ≤ 12.6 %) upon Quality Controls analysis; it was further validated against X-ray fluorescence, revealing a consistent small positive bias of 14%. Investigations showed that both assays are susceptible to interference from common chelators and certain metals. We have demonstrated that the effect of such common interferences in commercially relevant concentration was, however, minimal (relative bias of ≤ ± 15.2 for Al and ≤ ± 4.5 for Fe), when the matrix of samples and standards was matched (e.g. upon sample dilution). For routine industrial quality control of emulsions, the proposed method is a cost-effective and greener alternative that, although…
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