Cardioprotective effect of spirulina on cafeteria diet-induced cardiac injury in silico and in vivo study
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, primarily due to its effects on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of spirulina (SP) on cafeteria diet (CD)-induced myocardial oxidative stress and inflammation using biochemical, histological, and in silico molecular docking approaches. This study integrates in vivo biochemical and histological analyses with in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiling of spirulina (SP)-derived phenolic compounds (resorcinol, chlorogenic acid, catechin, syringic acid, sinapic acid, and quercetin) to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of SP. Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group), and treatments were administered orally once daily for 8 weeks as follows: standard diet (SD) (360 g day⁻¹), CD (360 g day⁻¹), CD + SP (500 mg kg-1 body weight), and SP alone (500 mg kg-1 body weight). Body and heart weight, as well as food intake, were recorded. Myocardial oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)), and histological changes were analyzed. Molecular docking and ADMET prediction were performed to explore the interactions between SP-derived phenolic compounds and key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD).
Results: Rats fed with CD exhibited significant…
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