Unravelling the Link between Polyphenol Intake and the Risk of Digestive System Cancer: An Umbrella Review Using Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews
Abstract
Background: Digestive system cancers (DSCs) constitute a significant number of cancer cases and are closely associated with modifiable risk factors.
Objective: This umbrella review synthesizes evidence from meta-analyses on the association between dietary polyphenol consumption and the risk of DSCs, addressing limitations in the literature and identifying optimal polyphenol types and doses.
Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science until April 2025, using specific keywords related to polyphenols and DSCs. Eligible studies included meta-analyses that examined polyphenol intake and DSC risk. The quality was assessed via the AMSTAR 2 and GRADE framework. Statistical analyses were performed using RStudio, employing random-effects models based on the heterogeneity metrics.
Results: Data from six meta-analyses, encompassing 27 effect sizes, revealed a statistically significant 11% reduction in the risk of DSCs associated with polyphenol consumption (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.85-0.93; I2: 63%). Subgroup analysis revealed significant risk reductions for specific polyphenol classes: flavonols (22%), quercetin (22%), anthocyanidins (16%), flavan-3-ols (12%) and isoflavones (9%). Publication bias was evident, but adjustments using the trim-and-fill method still indicated a 13% overall reduction in risk (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.83-0.92; I2: 64%).…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid.
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