Shikonin-induced secondary metabolite modulation in grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Öküzgözü') under salinity stress
Abstract
Background: Salt stress represents a critical challenge in viticulture, significantly impacting grape berry biochemical profiles and potentially threatening crop productivity and quality. In this study, therefore, we systematically investigated the metabolic responses of grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Öküzgözü') to salinity stress by applying NaCl at four different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and shikonin at two levels (0 and 25 µM). Our study analyzed changes in organic acids, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and sugar contents, employing a standardized foliar spray technique to explore the individual and interactive effects of salt stress and shikonin on grape berry biochemical composition.
Results: Salinity stress induced by NaCl markedly suppressed sugar metabolism in the studied plants, with glucose and fructose contents decreasing by approximately 85% and 82%, respectively, under high salinity conditions (e.g., 150 mM NaCl). This drastic reduction indicates a significant disruption in carbohydrate homeostasis due to ionic and osmotic stress. In contrast, the application of shikonin partially alleviated the deleterious effects of salt stress, particularly by enhancing anthocyanin biosynthesis. Under severe salinity, total anthocyanin accumulation increased by up to 60% with shikonin treatment, suggesting its potential role as a modulator of secondary metabolism and antioxidant defense. Phenolic compound levels exhibited highly variable responses…
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