Development of a Sensitive Potentiometric Method for the Determination of Metoclopramide Using Quercetin as a Reagent: A Statistical Comparison and Sensitivity Study of the Resulting Azo Dye
Abstract
This study presents a direct potentiometric method for the quantitative determination of metoclopramide (MCP) based on the formation of a stable organic azo dye through the coupling of MCP diazonium salt with quercetin. The chromophore was monitored using a dual-platinum electrode over a concentration range of 2.0−20.0 μg·mL⁻¹, exhibiting an inverse linear relationship between the electrode potential and the logarithm of MCP concentration. The calibration equation was E = 70.517−36.276 log C (R2 = 0.9601). Transient sensitivity analysis identified a localized near-Nernstian region at 2.0−4.0 μg·mL⁻¹ with a slope of −58.90 mV per log C, whereas the overall working range exhibited a highly reproducible empirical non-Nernstian response. Information-theoretic analysis yielded a mutual information value, I(C; E), of 1.89 bits, corresponding to 57 % of the theoretical maximum information capacity. Based on ten independent blank measurements (σ = 0.15 mV) and the ICH Q2(R2) guideline, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.253 and 0.767 μg·mL⁻¹, respectively, with a repeatability of RSD=2.62 %. The proposed double platinum potentiometric configuration provides a rapid, simple, low-cost electroanalytical approach for the direct quantitative determination of metoclopramide.
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