Radiofrequency ablation combined with liposomal quercetin to increase tumour destruction by modulation of heat shock protein production in a small animal model
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effect of heat shock protein (HSP) modulation on tumour coagulation by combining radiofrequency (RF) ablation with adjuvant liposomal quercetin and/or doxorubicin in a rat tumour model. Methods: Sixty R3230 breast adenocarcinoma tumours/animals were used in this IACUC-approved study. Initially, 60 tumours (n = 6, each subgroup) were randomised into five groups: (1) RF alone, (2) intravenous (IV) liposomal quercetin alone (1 mg/kg), (3) IV liposomal quercetin followed 24 h later with RF, (4) RF followed 15 min later by IV liposomal doxorubicin (8 mg/kg), (5) IV liposomal quercetin 24 h before RF followed by IV liposomal doxorubicin 15 min post-ablation. Animals were sacrificed 4 or 24 h post-treatment and gross coagulation diameters were compared. Next, immunohistochemistry staining was performed for Hsp70 and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Comparisons were performed by using Student t-tests or ANOVA. Results: Combination RF-quercetin significantly increased coagulation size compared with either RF or liposomal quercetin alone (13.1 ± 0.7 mm vs. 8.8 ± 1.2 mm or 2.3 ± 1.3 mm, respectively, P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Triple therapy (quercetin-RF-doxorubicin) showed larger coagulation diameter (14.5 ± 1.0 mm) at 24 h than quercetin-RF (P = 0.016) or RF-doxorubicin (13.2 ± 1.3 mm, P = 0.042). Combination quercetin-RF decreased Hsp70 expression compared with RF alone at both 4 h (percentage of stained cells/hpf 22.4 ± 13.9% vs. 38.8 ± 16.1%, P <…
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