In vivo detection of lanthanum via x-ray fluorescence
Abstract
Phosphate binding drugs are crucial in reducing blood phosphate concentrations in individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) to prevent hyperphosphatemia. While many phosphate binding drugs exist, lanthanum carbonate [La2(CO3)3, LaC] has been reported to be better tolerated than previously used calcium- and aluminum-based phosphate binders. However, since large doses ranging up to 3750 mg LaC/day is orally administered to ESRD patients, concerns have been raised as to whether chronic exposure to lanthanum (La) may lead to La toxicity on bone health. In this thesis, a robust x-ray fluorescence (XRF) detection system was developed and can be potentially used to non-invasively measure La in ESRD patients. The first step in testing the feasibility of the system was by measuring La in a series of bone mimicking hydroxyapatite phantoms doped with known concentrations of La. The sensitivity of the detection system was evaluated by investigating the minimum detection limit of the system. Initially a 90° irradiation-detection geometry was utilized but was deemed inadequate for in vivo measurements due to challenges in experimental reproducibility. Therefore, a 180° backscatter irradiation-detection geometry was adopted for all subsequent measurements. Since it is anticipated that the developed XRF system will be used clinically to measure bone La concentrations in the ESRD population who are administered LaC, interpatient variability such as amount of overlying tissue thickness…
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