Renal Effects of Energy Drink Consumption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a worrying increase in the consumption of energy drinks, especially among the young population. These beverages have been linked to effects primarily on the nervous and cardiovascular systems; however, renal consequences remain poorly understood, particularly those associated with long-term consumption. The heterogeneity in consumption patterns, together with variability in consumer profiles, has limited the ability to obtain conclusive and consistent evidence on this issue. Therefore, it is essential to address this topic from a preclinical perspective under controlled experimental conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the available preclinical evidence through a systematic review followed by a meta-analysis. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, with rats being the most commonly used experimental model. Overall, the results show a significant association between energy drink consumption and impaired kidney function, as reflected in elevated levels of serum biomarkers such as creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Among these, serum creatinine (mean Hedges' g = -1.40; 95% confidence interval: -2.55 to -0.25) and urea (Hedges' g = -1.93; 95% confidence interval: -2.99 to -0.87) had the highest effect sizes and greater statistical robustness, suggesting a particularly significant impact on kidney function. Although fewer studies reported increased uric acid levels, this parameter may have pathophysiological relevance.…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid.
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