Synergistic Neuroprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin E on Sodium Arsenite-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Wistar Rats
Abstract
Abstract Background Sodium arsenite, a widely encountered environmental toxicant, is known to induce cognitive dysfunction through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal degeneration, particularly within brain regions associated with memory. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E, administered individually and in combination, on recognition and spatial memory deficits induced by sodium arsenite in Wistar rats. Results Twenty-five adult female rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control, sodium arsenite only, sodium arsenite plus omega-3 fatty acids, sodium arsenite plus vitamin E, and sodium arsenite co-treated with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Y-maze and classic labyrinth tests, while oxidative stress status was assessed by measuring glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde levels. Histopathological examination and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry were performed on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to assess neuronal integrity and astrocytic activation. Sodium arsenite exposure resulted in significant (p
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