Design optimization of a box-wing for a foldable drone
Abstract
Abstract This study presents the aerodynamic optimisation of a novel foldable box-wing configuration for drone applications, aimed at enhancing efficiency and structural compactness. The design combines the advantages of a fixed-wing layout, a closed lifting system inspired by Prandtl’s original box-wing concept, and a foldable geometry enabling easy storage and transport. The optimisation process is conducted using the hybrid global/local algorithm psiAI, which couples metamodel-assisted global exploration with local refinement. High-fidelity simulations are performed with the OpenFOAM solver, adopting the $k-\omega$ SST turbulence model and transient incompressible flow conditions. The objective function, defined as a robust measure of aerodynamic efficiency, is iteratively evaluated in a sequence of successive design stages, including the 2D airfoil, the vertical junction element, and the complete 3D box-wing geometry. Results are indicating that the vertical junction optimization alone is able to produce a 2.3\% increase in efficiency, while full 3D optimization produces a 16\% improvement in aerodynamic efficiency and a 22\% increase in the combined lift–efficiency objective at the design speed of 50 km/h. The proposed configuration demonstrates promising aerodynamic performance and structural advantages, making it a suitable candidate for next-generation compact long-endurance drones.
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