Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Background: Chronic pain afflicts approximately 20% of the global adult population and is frequently undertreated, with available pharmacologic options often associated with significant long-term adverse effects. Although omega-3 fatty acids are known for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, current clinical evidence regarding their efficacy in pain management remains inconclusive.
Objective: To determine how well omega-3 fatty acids reduce chronic pain, and to investigate how factors like disease type, dosage, treatment duration, and study design influence their effectiveness.
Methods: We searched four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) from inception to 14 February 2025 with no language restrictions. Forty-one randomised controlled trials (RCTs; n = 3,759) met predefined criteria. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2. Pooled standardised mean differences (SMDs) for pain intensity were obtained through random-effects meta-analyses. Subgroup, sensitivity, and publication-bias analyses were also conducted.
Results: Omega-3 fatty acids showed a moderate, statistically and clinically significant reduction in pain intensity with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -0.55 (95% CI -0.76 to -0.34; I 2 = 87%). The relief was noticeable at 1 month (SMD = -0.27) and improved by 6 months (SMD = -0.83). Lower doses (≤1.35 g/day) were more effective (SMD = -0.60) compared to higher doses (>1.35 g; SMD = -0.53). The benefits were…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 3,759 participants or records.
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