Effects of different beverages on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Abstract
Abstract Background The role of specific beverages as adjunctive strategies for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of different beverage interventions—including tea, wine, water, and other beverages—on glycemic control in patients with T2DM. Methods A systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science was conducted up to April 27, 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing beverage-based interventions in patients with T2DM were included. The primary outcome was the change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Hedges‘ g with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. Results Twenty-three RCTs comprising 1,368 participants were included. Pooled analysis demonstrated that beverage interventions significantly reduced HbA1c compared with controls (Hedges’ g = -0.37; 95% CI: -0.58 to -0.16; P
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 1,368 participants or records.
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