Effects of pre- and postnatal probiotic and ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on cytokine and chemokine responses to allergens and TLR ligands during infancy
Abstract
Background: Reduced intensity and diversity of microbial stimulation and decreased intake of anti-inflammatory ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Western diets may contribute to impaired postnatal immune development and increased allergy risk. Here, we hypothesize that early supplementation with probiotics and ω-3 PUFAs, starting during pregnancy and continuing during infancy, may promote appropriate immune maturation and thereby potentially prevent allergy development.
Methods: In this study, 117 mother‒baby pairs were randomized into four groups receiving the following supplements: Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), ω-3 PUFA, double supplementation, or placebo. Supplementation started from gestational week 20 until 3 months of age (3 mo) for ω-3 PUFA and continued until 12 mo for L. reuteri. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from infants were isolated at birth and at 6, 12, and 24 mo, and stimulated ex vivo with several allergens and ligands of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Cytokines and chemokines related to Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg responses were quantified.
Results: Probiotic supplementation modulated the pattern of cytokine and chemokine secretion over time, whereas no clear effects were observed for ω-3 PUFA supplementation. L. reuteri supplementation led to a significant increase in Th1-associated C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) levels induced by birch and cat allergens at 6 mo. Furthermore, L. reuteri induced more significant age-dependent…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a randomized trial. Its evidence level is 2 of 5 (High · randomized trial). Randomized trials of a reasonable size are the strongest single-study design.
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