The Role of Fish Oil in Modulating Metabolic Disorders: Implications for Cardiovascular Health, Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers, and Hypercholesterolemia
Abstract
Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a significant risk factor for various metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and atherosclerosis, which contribute to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Fish intake has been associated with a lower risk of CVD; however, the administration of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) has shown limited effects on cholesterol levels.
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the role of fish oil in maintaining a healthy metabolism; explore the impact of hypercholesterolemia on oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammatory biomarkers; and determine the biochemical relationships among lipid profiles, inflammatory mediators, and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers. Additionally, we compared the potential roles and mechanisms of action of fish oil and atorvastatin in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular events.
Methods: Eighty rats, weighing 100-150 g, were divided into five equal groups. The first group (control) was fed a standard diet. The second group was fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 8 weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia. The third group was given HCD supplemented with fish oil. The fourth group received HCD along with 20 mg of atorvastatin. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed to measure serum lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and homocysteine levels. Inflammatory mediators…
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