Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Prostate Cancer; Is there any Potential Interaction by Organophosphate Insecticides among the Agricultural Health Study Population?
Abstract
Background: In the United States (US), the average annual increase in the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) has been 0.5% between 2013–2017. Although some modifiable factors have been identified as the risk factors for PCa, the effect of lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids intake (N-6/N-3) remains unknown. Previous studies of the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) reported a significant positive association between PCa and selected organophosphate pesticides (OPs) including terbufos and fonofos. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between N-6/N-3 and PCa and any interaction between N-6/N-3 and 2 selected OPs (i.e., terbufos and fonofos) exposure. Design and Participants: This case-control study, nested within a prospective cohort study, was conducted on a subgroup of the AHS population (1,193 PCa cases and 14,872 controls) who returned their dietary questionnaire between 1999–2003. Main Outcome Measures: PCa was coded based on the International Classification of Diseases of Oncology (ICD-O-3) definitions and obtained from the statewide cancer registries of Iowa (2003–2017) and North Carolina (2003–2014). Statistical Analysis: Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to obtain the odds ratios adjusted (aORs) for age at dietary assessment (years), race/ethnicity (white, African American, other), physical activity (hours/week), smoking (yes/no), terbufos (yes/no), fonofos (yes/no), diabetes, lycopene intake (milligrams/day),…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a case-control, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause.
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