Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis Management: A Scoping Review
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have long been investigated as potential adjunctive therapies for multiple sclerosis because of their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, the available evidence remains heterogeneous and has not been comprehensively mapped. This scoping review aimed to characterize the evidence on PUFA supplementation, identify research trends and knowledge gaps, and contextualize findings from primary studies alongside systematic reviews. This scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, and EU CTR/EudraCT were searched up to June 2026. Eligible evidence included randomized and non-randomized intervention studies, longitudinal cohort studies, systematic reviews, and clinical trial registry records evaluating omega-3, omega-6, or combined PUFA supplementation in persons with multiple sclerosis. Data were descriptively charted and narratively synthesized. Thirty reports representing 24 independent evidence sources (18 primary studies and 6 systematic reviews) were included. Research evolved from early omega-6 interventions, which demonstrated biological activity but limited clinical benefit, to omega-3 supplementation, where mechanistic evidence expanded despite inconsistent clinical outcomes. More recent studies investigated combined PUFA formulations,…
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