Dimeric Anthraquinone Rugulosin A Induces Apoptosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Targets PI3K/AKT/MAPK Pathways In Silico
Abstract
Cytotoxic anthraquinones are natural products that modulate apoptosis and oncogenic signaling pathways. In this study, three fungal anthraquinones citreorosein (1), skyrin (2), and rugulosin A (3) were investigated for cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and pro-apoptotic effects using in vitro assays. Rugulosin A (3) exhibited cytotoxic activity against six tumorigenic cell lines (IC50 = 0.138-1.475 μM). Although less potent than the nanomolar-range reference drug Epothilone B (IC50 50 = 3.69 μM), benchmarked against Imatinib (GI50 = 0.373 μM), also falls within the active range of natural product leads. Caspase-Glo 3/7 and CellEvent assays demonstrated concentration-dependent apoptosis induction by 3 (p 3) as a promising anticancer lead that modulates major apoptosis signaling pathways.
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