The Structure and Formation of the Inverted Shell Black Hole Universe
Abstract
Abstract The Schwarzschild black hole is only meaningful when its mass is concentrated at its center, but this cannot happen. During the formation of a black hole, increasing energy of falling matter with shell structure bends the surrounding spacetime. Eventually, at a theoretical location, the bending becomes infinite, leading to infinite spatial expansion there. Reaching this location requires an infinite proper time and travel distance, no event horizon or singularity can form. Consequently, the black hole gives birth to a new universe. The shell structure maintains uniform spacetime with permanent spatial expansion on and inside the shell. In the limiting case, the space inside the shell undergoes infinite expansion, and time comes to a complete stop, without cosmological constant and dark energy needed. Dark matter is unnecessary, the energy of a falling galaxy causes less spacetime curvature at its low-mass-density edges, time passes faster for the matter in its outer regions. As a result, the rotation speed measured from the periphery appears faster. In this shell-structured universe, its boundary is the spherical shell of the black hole, and its center leads to the external universe. The notions of “inside” and “outside” perceived by observers who have entered the black hole are inverted compared to those of observers remaining in the external universe. The universe consists of multiple nested universes that are continuous in spacetime. A universe arises from…
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