A Fractal Cosmological Framework from Ultimate Black Hole Fragmentation: Implications for Cosmic Expansion and the Hubble Tension
Abstract
Abstract We develop a fractal cosmological framework in which the large-scale Universe originates from the fragmentation of an Ultimate Black Hole (UBH). In this picture, the UBH horizon imprints a fractal microstructure on spacetime, leading to a redshift-dependent fractal dimension Df(z) that modulates the cosmic expansion. Combined with Buchert backreaction, a Fractal Early Energy (FEE) contribution, and a localized curvature window, this defines a minimal and observation-driven extension of cosmological dynamics. Within this framework, a single Hubble constant H0 ≃ 73 km s −1 Mpc −1 consistently describes both the Pantheon SNIa sample and the CMB-calibrated early-time expansion history. The Hubble tension is thus interpreted as a consequence of scale-dependent cosmic dynamics rather than a fundamental inconsistency between data sets. A thermodynamically motivated, reversible and adiabatic interpretation emerges nat urally when the total entropy is expressed as the sum of a non-fractal term and a bound structure entropy weighted by a monotonically decreasing fractal entropy factor F(a). This balance supports a cyclic cosmological evolution in which entropy is redistributed between fractal and non-fractal degrees of freedom rather than being produced. Recent SNIa reanalyses and cosmic-chronometer age determinations, which indicate a mild late-time slowdown of the expansion, are consistent with this framework. The model further implies testable signatures in BAO distances,…
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