Management of Traumatic Submacular Hemorrhage by Pneumatic Displacement: A Review
Abstract
Traumatic submacular haemorrhage is a vision-threatening ocular emergency that can result in permanent visual loss if not treated promptly. Following blunt ocular trauma, rapid accumulation of blood beneath the macula leads to photoreceptor damage through iron-mediated oxidative stress, mechanical disruption, and impaired metabolic exchange. Pneumatic displacement, with or without intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), has emerged as a minimally invasive therapeutic option; however, standardized clinical guidelines for its use in traumatic cases remain lacking. A narrative literature search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, PubMed, OpenAlex, and Dimensions up to November 24, 2025, supplemented by citation tracking. After duplicate removal and title/abstract screening, full-text assessment was performed based on predefined inclusion criteria focusing on traumatic submacular haemorrhage managed with pneumatic displacement. Of 177 identified records, four studies met the final eligibility criteria. The available evidence suggests that pneumatic displacement using intravitreal gas alone, most commonly 100% perfluoropropane (C3F8), achieved anatomical displacement in some cases but showed lower functional success, particularly in thick or dense haemorrhages. In contrast, intravitreal tPA combined with expansile gas was the most frequently employed minimally invasive approach and resulted in high rates of complete subfoveal blood displacement…
Read the paper
Related studies
- A Survey on Knowledge Graphs: Representation, Acquisition, and Applications
- Toxicity of nanomaterials
- The Human Gene Mutation Database: towards a comprehensive repository of inherited mutation data for medical research, genetic diagnosis and next-generation sequencing studies
- Halogen bonding (X‐bonding): A biological perspective
- Biofilm formation at the air–liquid interface by the Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 wrinkly spreader requires an acetylated form of cellulose
- Opioid Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Contributes to Drug Reinforcement
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.