Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Structural Fundamentals, Material Engineering, and Prospects for Lead-Free Photovoltaics
Abstract
Tin-based halide perovskites have emerged as one of the most promising classes of lead-free materials for next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Their favorable optoelectronic properties, narrow band gaps, and structural compatibility with the ABX3 perovskite framework position them as viable alternatives to conventional lead-based absorbers. This review summarizes the fundamental structural principles governing Sn-based perovskites, including the role of A-site cations, halide composition, tolerance factor, and octahedral distortion in determining phase stability and electronic structure. Recent advances in material engineering-such as additive-assisted crystallization, interface modification, precursor chemistry optimization, and two-dimensional/three-dimensional heterostructure formation-have significantly improved film quality, reduced defect densities, and enhanced device performance. Despite these achievements, challenges remain, particularly the spontaneous oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+, uncontrolled crystallization, and limited operational stability. Strategies aimed at stabilizing the Sn2+ oxidation state, suppressing self-doping, and improving charge transport are discussed in detail. The review also highlights the strategic importance of tin as a sustainable element for renewable energy technologies and provides an overview of global tin resources relevant to future photovoltaic deployment. Overall, tin-based perovskites represent a compelling pathway toward…
Read the paper
Related studies
- A Survey on Knowledge Graphs: Representation, Acquisition, and Applications
- Toxicity of nanomaterials
- The Human Gene Mutation Database: towards a comprehensive repository of inherited mutation data for medical research, genetic diagnosis and next-generation sequencing studies
- Halogen bonding (X‐bonding): A biological perspective
- Biofilm formation at the air–liquid interface by the Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 wrinkly spreader requires an acetylated form of cellulose
- Opioid Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Contributes to Drug Reinforcement
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.