Hybrid photocatalytic-ozonation for wastewater remediation: mechanisms and synergistic effects
Abstract
Hybrid photocatalytic ozonation (PC/O3) has emerged as one of the most powerful advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for degrading highly recalcitrant organic contaminants in industrial wastewater. By integrating semiconductor photocatalysis with ozone-driven oxidation, PC/O3 systems unlock synergistic reaction pathways that significantly accelerate the production of hydroxyl radicals, suppress electron-hole recombination, and improve ozone utilization efficiency. This review presents a comprehensive and critical evaluation of recent advances in photocatalysis, ozonation, and their hybridization, with emphasis on mechanistic insights, catalyst engineering strategies, and operational factors governing PC/O3 hybrid performance. State-of-the-art developments in the strategies designed to enhance photocatalysts' visible-light harvesting, prolong carrier lifetimes, and strengthen ozone activation have been summarized. Key process parameters, including catalyst dosage, ozone concentration, pH, light intensity, pollutant chemistry, and reactor configuration, are systematically analysed to demonstrate their influence on radical generation kinetics, mineralization efficiency, and reaction energetics. Reported PC/O3 systems achieve 90-100% degradation and 60-90% TOC/COD mineralization for dyes, pharmaceuticals, and phenols, outperforming standalone AOPs in kinetics and stability. Reported PC/O3 systems consistently demonstrate superior degradation rates, higher TOC and COD removal, and…
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