Recent advances in enhancing efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells: a comprehensive review
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as one of the most promising next-generation photovoltaic technologies, achieving certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 26% within little more than a decade of active research. Their tunable optoelectronic properties, compositional versatility, and compatibility with low-temperature, solution-based manufacturing routes position them as strong candidates for both standalone and tandem photovoltaic applications. Despite this extraordinary progress, two overarching challenges-insufficient long-term operational stability and the absence of scalable, reproducible manufacturing processes-continue to impede commercialization. This review addresses these challenges within the structural and compositional foundation of perovskite absorbers, covering crystal chemistry, ABX3 stoichiometry variants, and the principal device architectures (n-i-p, p-i-n, mesoporous, and planar). Also, the intrinsic optical and electronic factors governing device efficiency, including bandgap engineering, charge-carrier dynamics, recombination mechanisms, and charge-transport physics were surveyed. Also, efficiency-enhancement strategies such as novel fabrication techniques (spin-coating, blade coating, slot-die coating, vapor deposition, and VASP), light-absorption optimization through additive and compositional engineering (ionic liquids, Lewis acid/base additives, and mixed-cation/halide systems), defect passivation approaches (alkali-ion…
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