Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles, Multidrug Resistance Patterns, and MAR Index Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolated from Poultry and Chicken Handlers in Maiduguri, Northeast Nigeria
Abstract
Abstract Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli is an escalating global public health concern, driven by misuse of antibiotics in poultry production. In northeastern Nigeria, AMR surveillance data for Campylobacter from live bird markets (LBMs) are essentially absent. This study characterised antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns, multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values, and resistance gene carriage among Campylobacter isolates from chickens and chicken handlers in Maiduguri Metropolis. Methods: Forty-nine phenotypically and molecularly confirmed Campylobacter isolates from 212 samples (broiler cloacal swabs, local chicken cloacal swabs, and hand swabs) were subjected to disc diffusion testing against ten antibiotics per CLSI (2016) guidelines, supplemented by EUCAST where CLSI breakpoints were unavailable. The MAR index was calculated as the ratio of antibiotics resisted to total antibiotics evaluated. Multiplex PCR detected tetracycline tet(A) (888 bp) and erythromycin erm(A) (190 bp) resistance genes. Exact binomial 95% CIs (Clopper–Pearson) were calculated for all resistance rates. MDR was defined as resistance to ≥1 agent in ≥3 antibiotic classes (Magiorakos et al., 2012). Results: Tetracycline resistance was highest (17/49; 34.7%; 95% CI: 21.3%–49.4%) followed by norfloxacin (11/49; 22.4%; 95% CI: 11.5%–36.4%). All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a preprint, done in animal, not in people. Its evidence level is 5 of 5 (Very low · case / narrative / animal / in vitro / in silico). Case reports, narrative reviews, and animal, cell or computer-model studies give the weakest evidence for human health.
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