Effectiveness of interventions to improve vaccine efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial public health intervention that has significantly reduced the incidence of infectious diseases. Vaccine-related interventions refer to strategies implemented to enhance vaccination uptake, coverage, and effectiveness, like modes of delivery, types or dosages. Despite extensive research on vaccine efficacy, a comprehensive analysis of the variability in vaccine effectiveness across different interventions, settings, and populations is limited. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze the impact of various Vaccine-Related Interventions (VRIs). This review included 139 randomized controlled trials, cohort, and case–control studies evaluating VRIs from January 2015 to December 2023. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROB-2 and ROBINS-E tools. Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate overall effect sizes, infection rates, and heterogeneity and subgroup analysis. Of the 139 studies reviewed, 97 were included in the meta-analysis, comprising approximately 1.4 million participants. Populations across various settings were analyzed, with median vaccinated population sizes for the 1st dose (4598, IQR = 15,749), 2nd dose (6214, IQR = 13,817), and 3rd dose (3508, IQR = 5546). The overall total vaccinated population had a median of 4370 and an IQR of 16,475. The interventions showed a significant positive effect on vaccine efficacy, with an estimated effect size of 0.6432 (95% CI 0.4049 to 0.8815). Heterogeneity was negligible, with…
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