Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Cumulative Antibiogram of Clinically Significant Bacteria From a Tertiary Hospital in Indonesia
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, with disproportionately high burdens in low- and middle-income countries. In Indonesia, where antimicrobial stewardship initiatives are still developing, local antibiograms are scarce yet crucial to guide evidence-based empirical therapy.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of cumulative antibiogram data from YARSI Hospital, a tertiary care academic hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia, covering January-December 2024. Analysis followed Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M39-A4 guidelines and was restricted to the first clinical isolate per species, patient, and specimen type. Susceptibility data were stratified by Gram classification, specimen source, and care setting, with semester-wise comparisons (January-June vs. July-December).
Results: Among 1782 clinical specimens, Klebsiella pneumoniae predominated among Gram-negative isolates, exhibiting high multidrug resistance with ≤ 20% susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins, particularly in blood and ICU samples. Acinetobacter baumannii, the leading respiratory and ICU isolate, retained susceptibility only to amikacin (15%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (25%). Escherichia coli from urine remained susceptible to ceftazidime (78%), cefepime (81%), meropenem (95%), and amikacin (93%). Gram-positive isolates, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis, were largely susceptible to vancomycin…
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