KDIGO 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Children
Abstract
The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Children represents a focused update of Chapter 4: Nephrotic Syndrome in Children from the KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. The aim is to assist clinicians caring for individuals with nephrotic syndrome, both steroid sensitive and steroid resistant. The update takes into consideration evidence from randomized controlled trials published through August 2024. As in 2021, this guideline provides guidance related to diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and special situations. Based on the new evidence, the primary changes in this update are related to the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. Development of this guideline followed an explicit process of evidence review and appraisal. Treatment approaches and guideline recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant studies, and appraisal of the certainty of the evidence and the strength of recommendations following the “ Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation ” (GRADE) approach. Limitations of the evidence are discussed, and areas of future research are also presented.
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