Review of grapefruit juice-drugs interactions mediated by intestinal CYP3A4 inhibition
Abstract
I NTRODUCTIONGrapefruit (Citrus Paradisi Macfayden, family Rutaceae) is a non-leafing fruit [1].The name grapefruit refers to the growing appearance of fruits on trees as clusters.In the 1600s, the first sightings of grapefruit growth were in Jamaica and Barbados.In 661, grapefruit trees grew in South Africa [1].The origin of grapefruit is the hybridization of pomelo and Citrus maxima with the common orange Citrus sinensis.Grapefruit size is larger than that of orange and smaller than that of pomelo.The grapefruit types were white, pink, and ruby red.There are varieties of seeded grapefruit [2]; whitecolored flesh is seedy; other types vary, including pink and red, and seedless varieties, such as rose fruits, result from mutations [2].One pound of grapefruit produces approximately 200-250 ml of juice [3].For daily nutritional needs, people consume grapefruit and its juice from valuable components, including fiber, vitamin C, antioxidants, and phytochemicals, and their nutritional value in many diseases, such as atherosclerotic plaques [4] and cancer [5].When grapefruit and grapefruit juice (GFJ) were administered concurrently, the bioavailability of many therapeutic agents from different classes differed.This bioavailability modulation either improved drug response or contributed to adverse events [6].By chance, the effect of GFJ on drug concentration was discovered in 1989; this discovery
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