Characterization and antimicrobial activity of a novel lytic phage vB_SmaS_QH16 against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: in vitro, in vivo, and biofilm studies
Abstract
Background: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an important opportunistic pathogen resistant to multiple antibiotics, necessitates alternative therapies. Phages, with their high specificity and bacteriolytic ability, are emerging as promising antibiotic alternatives. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a novel lytic phage targeting S. maltophilia and to evaluate its antibacterial potential.
Methods: A novel lytic phage, vB_SmaS_QH16, was isolated from hospital sewage using S. maltophilia no.981 as the host. Phage morphology was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and genome sequencing and annotation were performed. Host range, efficiency of lysis (EOP), optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI), one-step growth curves, and physicochemical stability were also determined. Biofilm inhibition and eradication were assessed using crystal violet staining, MTT assays, and acridine orange fluorescence microscopy. Using Galleria mellonella and mouse infection models, the in vivo anti-infective effects of phages were evaluated.
Results: Phage vB_SmaS_QH16, a member of the class Caudoviricetes, has a 43,500 bp genome with 64 open reading frames (ORFs) and no virulence, antibiotic resistance, or lysogeny-related genes. It exhibits a broad host range, lysing 47.95% (35/73) of tested S. maltophilia strains. The optimal MOI was 0.01, with an average burst size of 37.69 PFU/cell. The phage is stable at 4-50 °C and pH 3.0-11.0 but is highly sensitive to UV light. It…
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