A Systematic Review of the Emerging Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Will Combination Strategies Improve Efficacy?
Abstract
CONTEXT: The role of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) still remains elusive. It has been proposed that combination of ICI with other molecules increases the efficacy of immunotherapy in PC.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature to assess the potential role of ICI in combination with additional therapies for the management of metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC).
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review using Medline and scientific meeting records was carried out in September 2020 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines. Ongoing trials of immunotherapy with standard mCRPC therapeutics were identified via a systematic search on ClinicalTrials.gov.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of five full-text papers, ten congress abstracts, and 15 trials on ClinicalTrials.gov were identified. Preclinical evidence suggests that combinational approaches might be considered to enhance the efficacy of ICI in PC patients. This led to the design of more than 50 immunotherapy-based clinical trials. The majority of the studies focus on ICI combinations with vaccines, androgen deprivation therapy, chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, radiotherapy, and prostate-specific membrane antigen-guided radioligand therapy. Preliminary analyses reported promising findings for the use of ICI in combination with other anticancer therapies. However, no phase 3 trial has yet reported final results, so no…
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