Antibiofilm efficacy of 1,064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser on Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans: in vitro study
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fungal biofilms are the most important virulence factors of onychomycosis. However, traditional antifungal therapies lack antibiofilm efficacy. Although neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser is one of the most common laser therapies used for onychomycosis, its usage is restricted to aesthetic endpoints. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibiofilm activity of Nd:YAG against Trichophyton rubrum (NCCP 22456) and Candida albicans (NCCP 32703) biofilms. Biofilms were subjected to Nd:YAG (fluence 200 mJ/cm2, pulse duration, 0.1 ms; spot size, 1.5 mm; frequency, 30 Hz) for cumulative time periods (0, 10, 20, and 60 s). Biofilm biomass, cell viability, and metabolic activity were assessed using crystal violet staining, colony counting, and tetrazolium salt (2,3-bis [2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide; XTT) assay, respectively. Biofilm ultrastructure was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biofilm biomass significantly decreased after 10 s of laser irradiation in T. rubrum and C. albicans (P < 0.01), reaching maximum reductions of 77.1% and 58.1% after 60 s, respectively. Colony counts decreased by 66.0% for T. rubrum and 82.2% (0.75 log) for C. albicans; however, these reductions remained below 1 log (<90%), indicating limited viability inhibition. Metabolic activity significantly decreased after 10 s in both strains (P < 0.01), reaching a 45.1% reduction in T. rubrum and 72.5% in C. albicans after 60 s.…
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